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Molecule Details

General Information of the Molecule
Name
Proto-oncogene c-RAF (c-RAF)
Synonyms
cRaf; Raf-1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase; RAF
Gene Name
RAF1
Gene ID
5894
Sequence
MEHIQGAWKTISNGFGFKDAVFDGSSCISPTIVQQFGYQRRASDDGKLTDPSKTSNTIRV
FLPNKQRTVVNVRNGMSLHDCLMKALKVRGLQPECCAVFRLLHEHKGKKARLDWNTDAAS
LIGEELQVDFLDHVPLTTHNFARKTFLKLAFCDICQKFLLNGFRCQTCGYKFHEHCSTKV
PTMCVDWSNIRQLLLFPNSTIGDSGVPALPSLTMRRMRESVSRMPVSSQHRYSTPHAFTF
NTSSPSSEGSLSQRQRSTSTPNVHMVSTTLPVDSRMIEDAIRSHSESASPSALSSSPNNL
SPTGWSQPKTPVPAQRERAPVSGTQEKNKIRPRGQRDSSYYWEIEASEVMLSTRIGSGSF
GTVYKGKWHGDVAVKILKVVDPTPEQFQAFRNEVAVLRKTRHVNILLFMGYMTKDNLAIV
TQWCEGSSLYKHLHVQETKFQMFQLIDIARQTAQGMDYLHAKNIIHRDMKSNNIFLHEGL
TVKIGDFGLATVKSRWSGSQQVEQPTGSVLWMAPEVIRMQDNNPFSFQSDVYSYGIVLYE
LMTGELPYSHINNRDQIIFMVGRGYASPDLSKLYKNCPKAMKRLVADCVKKVKEERPLFP
QILSSIELLQHSLPKINRSASEPSLHRAAHTEDINACTLTTSPRLPVF
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Function
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts as a regulatory link between the membrane-associated Ras GTPases and the MAPK/ERK cascade, and this critical regulatory link functions as a switch determining cell fate decisions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, survival and oncogenic transformation. RAF1 activation initiates a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that comprises a sequential phosphorylation of the dual-specific MAPK kinases (MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2). The phosphorylated form of RAF1 (on residues Ser-338 and Ser-339, by PAK1) phosphorylates BAD/Bcl2-antagonist of cell death at 'Ser-75'. Phosphorylates adenylyl cyclases: ADCY2, ADCY5 and ADCY6, resulting in their activation. Phosphorylates PPP1R12A resulting in inhibition of the phosphatase activity. Phosphorylates TNNT2/cardiac muscle troponin T. Can promote NF-kB activation and inhibit signal transducers involved in motility (ROCK2), apoptosis (MAP3K5/ASK1 and STK3/MST2), proliferation and angiogenesis (RB1). Can protect cells from apoptosis also by translocating to the mitochondria where it binds BCL2 and displaces BAD/Bcl2-antagonist of cell death. Regulates Rho signaling and migration, and is required for normal wound healing. Plays a role in the oncogenic transformation of epithelial cells via repression of the TJ protein, occludin (OCLN) by inducing the up-regulation of a transcriptional repressor SNAI2/SLUG, which induces down-regulation of OCLN. Restricts caspase activation in response to selected stimuli, notably Fas stimulation, pathogen-mediated macrophage apoptosis, and erythroid differentiation.
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Uniprot ID
RAF1_HUMAN
EC Number
EC: 2.7.11.1
Pfam
PF00130 ; PF07714 ; PF02196
KEGG ID
hsa5894
TTD ID
T23673
A List of Drug Combination(s) Able to Regulate This Molecule
          Expression Regulation     Click to Show/Hide the Drug Combination Regulating This Molecule
                 Down-regulation     Click to Show/Hide
                    Drug Combination 1 Down-regulating the Expression of This Molecule [1]
                    Detail(s)  Combination Info  click to show the detail info of this combination
                    Name Celastrol   NP Info  + Trastuzumab   Drug Info 
                    Structure +
                    Drug Combination 2 Down-regulating the Expression of This Molecule [2]
                    Detail(s)  Combination Info  click to show the detail info of this combination
                    Name Flavopiridol   NP Info  + Depsipeptide   Drug Info 
                    Structure +
                    Drug Combination 3 Down-regulating the Expression of This Molecule [3]
                    Detail(s)  Combination Info  click to show the detail info of this combination
                    Name Celastrol   NP Info  + Lapatinib   Drug Info 
                    Structure +
                    Drug Combination 4 Down-regulating the Expression of This Molecule [4]
                    Detail(s)  Combination Info  click to show the detail info of this combination
                    Name Oridonin   NP Info  + Imatinib   Drug Info 
                    Structure +
                    Drug Combination 5 Down-regulating the Expression of This Molecule [5]
                    Detail(s)  Combination Info  click to show the detail info of this combination
                    Name Arsenic trioxide   NP Info  + Sorafenib   Drug Info 
                    Structure +
                    Drug Combination 6 Down-regulating the Expression of This Molecule [6]
                    Detail(s)  Combination Info  click to show the detail info of this combination
                    Name Arsenic trioxide   NP Info  + PD173074   Drug Info 
                    Structure +
                 Up-regulation     Click to Show/Hide
                    Drug Combination 1 Up-regulating the Expression of This Molecule [9]
                    Detail(s)  Combination Info  click to show the detail info of this combination
                    Name Metformin   NP Info  + Gefitinib   Drug Info 
                    Structure +
          Phosphorylation Regulation     Click to Show/Hide the Drug Combination Regulating This Molecule
                 Down-regulation     Click to Show/Hide
                    Drug Combination 1 Down-regulating the Phosphorylation of This Molecule [7]
                    Detail(s)  Combination Info  click to show the detail info of this combination
                    Name Artesunate   NP Info  + Sorafenib   Drug Info 
                    Structure +
                    Drug Combination 2 Down-regulating the Phosphorylation of This Molecule [8]
                    Detail(s)  Combination Info  click to show the detail info of this combination
                    Name Elemene   NP Info  + 5-fluorouracil   Drug Info 
                    Structure +
                 Up-regulation     Click to Show/Hide
                    Drug Combination 1 Up-regulating the Phosphorylation of This Molecule [10]
                    Detail(s)  Combination Info  click to show the detail info of this combination
                    Name Carnosic acid   NP Info  + 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3   Drug Info 
                    Structure +
References
Reference 1 Anticancer activity of Celastrol in combination with ErbB2-targeted therapeutics for treatment of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancers. Cancer Biol Ther. 2011 Jan 15;11(2):263-76.
Reference 2 Enhancement of depsipeptide-mediated apoptosis of lung or esophageal cancer cells by flavopiridol: activation of the mitochondria-dependent death-signaling pathway. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 May;125(5):1132-42.
Reference 3 Downregulation and subcellular distribution of HER2 involved in MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cell apoptosis induced by lapatinib/celastrol combination. J BUON. May-Jun 2017;22(3):644-651.
Reference 4 Oridonin in combination with imatinib exerts synergetic anti-leukemia effect in Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in vitro by inhibiting activation of LYN/mTOR signaling pathway. Cancer Biol Ther. 2012 Nov;13(13):1244-54.
Reference 5 [Inhibitory effect of sorafenib combined with arsenic trioxide on hepatocellular carcinoma cells]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2008 Apr;28(4):639-41.
Reference 6 Combination effects of arsenic trioxide and fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor in squamous cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer. 2016 Nov;101:111-119.
Reference 7 Artesunate promotes sensitivity to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019 Oct 29;519(1):41-45.
Reference 8 beta-Elemene Enhances the Chemotherapeutic Effect of 5-Fluorouracil in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via PI3K/AKT, RAF-MEK-ErK, and NF-kappaB Signaling Pathways. Onco Targets Ther. 2020 Jun 9;13:5207-5222.
Reference 9 Synergistic effects of metformin treatment in combination with gefitinib, a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in LKB1 wild-type NSCLC cell lines. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Jul 1;19(13):3508-19.
Reference 10 Carnosic acid potentiates the antioxidant and prodifferentiation effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in leukemia cells but does not promote elevation of basal levels of intracellular calcium. Cancer Res. 2003 Mar 15;63(6):1325-32.
Cite NPCDR
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Correspondence

X. N. Sun, Y. T. Zhang, Y. Zhou, X. C. Lian, L. L. Yan, T. Pan, T. Jin, H. Xie, Z. M. Liang, W. Q. Qiu, J. X. Wang, Z. R. Li, F. Zhu*, X. B. Sui*. NPCDR: natural product-based drug combination and its disease-specific molecular regulation. Nucleic Acids Research. 50(D1): 1324-1333 (2020). PMID: 34664659

Prof. Feng ZHU  (zhufeng@zju.edu.cn)

College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China


Prof. Xinbing SUI  (hzzju@hznu.edu.cn)

School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China